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{{Infobox Monarch| name = Gustav II Adolf| title =
Monarch of Sweden, the King of the Goths and the
King of the Wends;
Grand Prince of Finland; Duke of
Estonia and
Karelia; Lord of
Ingria [1611 –
6 November 1632 [1617| successor = [Christina of Sweden| consort = Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg| royal house = [House of Vasa| royal motto =
Cum Deo et victribus armis("With God and Arms Victorious")| father =
Charles IX of Sweden| mother = Christina of Holstein-Gottorp [1594, [Sweden, [Electorate of Saxony [1634, [Stockholm-->
Gustav II Adolf (
9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632
Old Style and New Style dates), widely known by the Latinized name
Gustavus (II) Adolphus and sometimes as
Gustav Adolf the Great (), was
Monarch of Sweden from
1611 until his death.
Gustav II Adolf was born in
Stockholm as the oldest son of King
Charles IX of Sweden of the House of Vasa and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. He inherited the throne at his fathers death, at the age of seventeen. His reign was marked by the Swedish participation in the
Thirty Years' War, where he entered the war on the Protestant side. He was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, the daughter of
John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in
Germany. He died in the
Battle of Lützen (1632) in
1632. His participation in the Thirty Years' War also earned him the nickname
"the Lion of the North".
Gustav II Adolf was known as a skillful military commander. His innovative skills in the tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and logistics, earned the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied and admired Gustav II Adolf include Napoleon I of France and
Carl von Clausewitz. His advancements in military science made Sweden the dominant
Baltic power for the next one hundred years (
see Swedish Empire). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "
List of people known as The Great".
Military commander
As a general, Gustav Adolf is famous for employing mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive military tactics, where attack was stressed over defense and mobility emphasized over the usual linear tactics. His musketeers were widely known for their shooting accuracy and reload speed, three times faster than any contemporary rivals.
Carl von Clausewitz and
Napoleon I of France considered him one of the greatest generals of all time. He was famed for consistency of purpose, and amity with his troops.
Gustav Adolf was killed at the
Battle of Lützen (1632), when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge into a dense
smog of mist and gunpowder smoke. After his death, his wife initially kept his body, and later his heart, in her castle for over a year. His remains (including his heart) now rest in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm.
In February 1633, following the death of the king, the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates decided that his name would be styled Gustav Adolf the Great (or
Gustaf Adolf den Store in Swedish language). No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish monarch since. against the forces of the redoubtable
Count Tilly.
The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustav Adolf's younger brother had died years ago, and therefore there were only female heirs left. Maria Eleonora and the king's ministers took over the government on behalf of Gustav Adolf's underage daughter
Christina I of Sweden on her father's death. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son Gustav Gustavsson af Vasaborg.
Alternative views
The German Socialist Franz Mehring (1846–1919) wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a
Marxist analysis of the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he claimed he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion.
The Swedish historian and author
Peter Englund states in his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare") that there was not a single all-dominant reason for the King deciding to going into war, instead it was probably a combination of mainly religious, geopolitical safety as well economical reasons.
Timeline
' coat, painting by Merian, 1632
- July 1626. Gustav Adolf and his army disembark at Pillau, Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1625-1629).
- August 18, 1627. The King is seriously wounded by a Polish soldier in the battle of Tczew.
- May 1630. Gustav Adolf lands with his army in Pomerania. On July 6 he lands in Germany.
- September 1631. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Gustav Adolf decisively defeats the Catholic forces led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, even after the allied Protestant Saxon army had been routed and fled with the baggage train.
- April 1632. At the Battle of Lech, Gustav Adolf defeats Tilly once more, and in the battle Tilly sustains a fatal wound.
- May 1632. Munich yields to the Swedish army.
- September 1632. Gustav Adolf attacks the stronghold of Battle of the Alte Veste, which is under the command of Albrecht von Wallenstein, but is repulsed, marking the first defeat in the Thirty Years' War of the previously invincible Swedes. This leads to defection of some mercenary elements in the Protestant army.
- November 1632. At the Battle of Lützen, Gustav Adolf is killed but the Swedes win the day, thanks to Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, who assumed command, and defeat Wallenstein. The Swedish war effort was kept up by generals Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Johan Banér, Lennart Torstenson and chancellor Axel Oxenstierna until the Peace of Westphalia.
A history of Gustavus Adolphus' wars was written by
Johann Philipp Abelin.
Gustav Adolf Day is celebrated in Sweden each year on
November 6. On this day only a special pastry, with a chocolate or marzipan medallion of the king, is sold. The day is also an official Flag days in Sweden in the Swedish calendar. In
Finland, the day is celebrated as
svenska dagen or
ruotsalaisuuden päivä, "swedishness day", and is a customary Flag days in Finland. In both countries, November 6 is the
name day for Gustav Adolf, one of the few exceptional name days in the year.
Fictional appearances
- Gustavus Adolphus plays an important supporting role in Eric Flint's 1632 series.
- In Sid Meier's game Civilization IV: Warlords, Gustavus Adolphus makes the appearance of a Great General.
Ancestors
Gustavus Adolphus's ancestors in three generations{{ahnentafel4| Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|
Charles IX of Sweden (Vasa)]| Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa)]
| Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp| [Erik Johansson (Vasa)] (Natt och Dag)| Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)| Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
| [Frederick I of Denmark| [Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse-->
See also
{| align=right|-||}
External links
{{Infobox Monarch| name = Gustav II Adolf| title = Monarch of Sweden, the
King of the Goths and the
King of the Wends; Grand Prince of Finland; Duke of
Estonia and
Karelia; Lord of Ingria [1611 – 6 November
1632 [1617| successor = [Christina of Sweden| consort =
Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg| royal house = [House of Vasa| royal motto =
Cum Deo et victribus armis("With God and Arms Victorious")| father =
Charles IX of Sweden| mother =
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp [1594, [Sweden, [Electorate of Saxony [1634, [Stockholm-->
Gustav II Adolf (
9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632 Old Style and New Style dates), widely known by the Latinized name
Gustavus (II) Adolphus and sometimes as
Gustav Adolf the Great (), was Monarch of Sweden from
1611 until his death.
Gustav II Adolf was born in
Stockholm as the oldest son of King
Charles IX of Sweden of the
House of Vasa and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. He inherited the throne at his fathers death, at the age of seventeen. His reign was marked by the Swedish participation in the Thirty Years' War, where he entered the war on the
Protestant side. He was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, the daughter of
John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the
Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in
Germany. He died in the
Battle of Lützen (1632) in
1632. His participation in the Thirty Years' War also earned him the nickname
"the Lion of the North".
Gustav II Adolf was known as a skillful military commander. His innovative skills in the tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and logistics, earned the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied and admired Gustav II Adolf include
Napoleon I of France and Carl von Clausewitz. His advancements in military science made Sweden the dominant
Baltic power for the next one hundred years (
see Swedish Empire). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "
List of people known as The Great".
Military commander
As a
general, Gustav Adolf is famous for employing mobile
artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive
military tactics, where attack was stressed over defense and mobility emphasized over the usual
linear tactics. His musketeers were widely known for their shooting accuracy and reload speed, three times faster than any contemporary rivals. Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon I of France considered him one of the greatest generals of all time. He was famed for consistency of purpose, and amity with his troops.
Gustav Adolf was killed at the
Battle of Lützen (1632), when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge into a dense smog of mist and gunpowder smoke. After his death, his wife initially kept his body, and later his heart, in her castle for over a year. His remains (including his heart) now rest in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm.
In February
1633, following the death of the king, the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates decided that his name would be styled Gustav Adolf the Great (or
Gustaf Adolf den Store in Swedish language). No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish monarch since. against the forces of the redoubtable
Count Tilly.
The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustav Adolf's younger brother had died years ago, and therefore there were only female heirs left. Maria Eleonora and the king's ministers took over the government on behalf of Gustav Adolf's underage daughter Christina I of Sweden on her father's death. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son Gustav Gustavsson af Vasaborg.
Alternative views
The German Socialist Franz Mehring (1846–1919) wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a Marxist analysis of the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he claimed he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion.
The Swedish historian and author
Peter Englund states in his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare") that there was not a single all-dominant reason for the King deciding to going into war, instead it was probably a combination of mainly religious, geopolitical safety as well economical reasons.
Timeline
' coat, painting by Merian, 1632
- July 1626. Gustav Adolf and his army disembark at Pillau, Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1625-1629).
- August 18, 1627. The King is seriously wounded by a Polish soldier in the battle of Tczew.
- May 1630. Gustav Adolf lands with his army in Pomerania. On July 6 he lands in Germany.
- September 1631. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), Gustav Adolf decisively defeats the Catholic forces led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, even after the allied Protestant Saxon army had been routed and fled with the baggage train.
- April 1632. At the Battle of Lech, Gustav Adolf defeats Tilly once more, and in the battle Tilly sustains a fatal wound.
- May 1632. Munich yields to the Swedish army.
- September 1632. Gustav Adolf attacks the stronghold of Battle of the Alte Veste, which is under the command of Albrecht von Wallenstein, but is repulsed, marking the first defeat in the Thirty Years' War of the previously invincible Swedes. This leads to defection of some mercenary elements in the Protestant army.
- November 1632. At the Battle of Lützen, Gustav Adolf is killed but the Swedes win the day, thanks to Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, who assumed command, and defeat Wallenstein. The Swedish war effort was kept up by generals Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Johan Banér, Lennart Torstenson and chancellor Axel Oxenstierna until the Peace of Westphalia.
A history of Gustavus Adolphus' wars was written by
Johann Philipp Abelin.
Gustav Adolf Day is celebrated in Sweden each year on
November 6. On this day only a special pastry, with a chocolate or marzipan medallion of the king, is sold. The day is also an official
Flag days in Sweden in the Swedish calendar. In Finland, the day is celebrated as
svenska dagen or
ruotsalaisuuden päivä, "swedishness day", and is a customary
Flag days in Finland. In both countries, November 6 is the name day for Gustav Adolf, one of the few exceptional name days in the year.
Fictional appearances
Ancestors
Gustavus Adolphus's ancestors in three generations{{ahnentafel4| Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|
Charles IX of Sweden (Vasa)]|
Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa)]
|
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp| [Erik Johansson (Vasa)] (Natt och Dag)| Erik Abrahamsson (Leijonhufvud)| Ebba Eriksdotter (Vasa)
| [Frederick I of Denmark| [Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse-->
See also
{| align=right|-||}
External links
Gustav II Adolph - MSN Encarta
Gustav II Adolph, called Gustavus Adolphus 1594-1632, King of Sweden 1611-1632, who, for his brilliant leadership of the Protestant forces in the
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gustav II Adolf, (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632 (O.S.) [1] or Gustav II Adolphus, widely known in English by the Latinized name Gustavus Adolphus and variously in historical ...
Gustav II Adolph - Related Items - MSN Encarta
Gustav VI Adolph: Gustav VI Adolph (1882-1973), King of Sweden (1950-1973), son of Gustav V, born in Stockholm, and educated at the universities of Uppsala and Oslo....
GUSTAV II ADOLPH,
GUSTAV II ADOLPH, ... called Gustavus Adolphus (1594–1632), king of Sweden (1611–32), who, for his brilliant leadership of the Protestant forces in the Thirty Years’ War ...
Gustav II Adolph - MSN Encarta
Gustav II Adolph, called Gustavus Adolphus 1594-1632, king of Sweden 1611-1632, who, for his brilliant leadership of the Protestant forces in the...
Gustav II Adolph - Picture - MSN Encarta
Gustav II Adolph: Gustav II Adolph was a great general and capable administrator of Sweden. His brilliant leadership of the Protestant forces in the Thirty Years’ War caused him ...
Gustav II Adolph - ninemsn Encarta
Gustav II Adolph, called Gustavus Adolphus 1594-1632, King of Sweden 1611-1632, who, for his brilliant leadership of the Protestant forces in the
Gustavus Adolphus - Definition
Gustav II Adolph (December 9, 1594 - November 6, 1632) (also known as Gustav Adolph the Great, under the Latin name Gustavus Adolphus or the Swedish form Gustav II Adolf) was a ...
Image:Gustav II adolph of sweden.jpg - Wikipedia, the free ...
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Gustav II Adolf definition of Gustav II Adolf in the Free Online ...
Gustav II Adolf Latin Gustavus Adolphus (born Dec. 9, 1594, Stockholm, Swed.—died ... Gustav II Adolph Gustav II Adolph of Sweden Gustav III Gustav III Gustav III of Sweden
